A Survey on TDOA-Based Localization Schemes for Long Range Wide Area Networks

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is the most widely used technology for localization, offering realtime, high-accuracy positioning with global coverage. However, its limitations, such as high energy consumption and signal obstruction in certain environments, make it unsuitable for some emerging applications. One such challenge is the localization of very low-power devices, which require alternative positioning solutions. As a result, research efforts are increasingly focused on improving localization precision and addressing challenges related to energy efficiency, coverage limitations, and signal reliability. This paper provides an overview of existing Internet of Things (IoT) solutions, with a particular emphasis on LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Networks) as the deployed technology and Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) as the primary localization technique.