A Game-Theoretic Task Offloading Framework for Blockchain-Enabled UAV–Satellite MEC Systems

The increasing demand for task offloading in remote and delay-sensitive environments has accelerated the evolution of integrated space–air–ground networks supported by Mobile Edge Computing (MEC). In these heterogeneous environments, user devices offload computational tasks to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites operated by multiple, often untrusted, service providers. This cross-domain architecture introduces significant challenges related to trust, accountability, and execution verifiability. To address these issues, we propose a blockchain-integrated task offloading framework that ensures transparent, traceable, and tamper-proof task execution. Our approach incorporates a two-layer offloading mechanism: an initial task-node matching phase based on a double auction that captures resource demand and pricing dynamics, followed by a global refinement stage leveraging potential game optimisation to minimise the weighted sum of latency and cost while ensuring incentive-compatible coordination.