Nanobiotechnology‐Based Approaches for Targeted Glioma Therapy

Glioma, particularly glioblastoma multiforme, is still one of the most aggressive and chemoresistant forms of brain cancer, in large part attributed to the hindrance of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), tumor heterogeneity, and complicated tumor microenvironment. Recent progress in nanobiotechnology has provided with opportunities to achieve targeted glioma therapy through the delivery of drugs selectively to the tumor through the BBB, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects. In this review, the use of different nanocarrier systems, including lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and magnetic nanoparticles, for the treatment of glioma, is summarized. These systems can achieve increased drug accumulation in the tumor site, controlled release of the drug, and synergistic influence with immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy. A detailed review of state‐of‐the‐art emerging approaches, including RNA‐based nanoparticles, surface‐modified nanocarriers, and nanorobots that hold great potential in personalized and precision glioma treatments, is also provided. In addition, the review covers major obstacles to clinical transformation, i.e., nanotoxicity, controlling sustained drug release, and production difficulties. Overcoming these challenges, nanobiotechnology may lead to a paradigm shift in the treatment of glioma and clinical services for patients.