Exploring the Dimensionality of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale Using Factor Analytic and Circumplex Approaches

The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) is a widely used psychological assessment tool that has been the subject of ongoing debate among researchers regarding its dimensionality. Using datasets collected from longitudinal panel studies, this study examined the factor structure of the scale and the presence of method effects, possibly due to item wording. This study employed a circumplex model to explore the dimensionality of the RSES in addition to traditional approaches based on factor analytic models. We found empirical evidence that the RSES measures a single factor of general self-esteem, but also observed a multidimensional structure due to method effects resulting from negatively worded items. Moreover, one negatively worded item did not align with the other items on the scale. The findings suggest that researchers should be aware of the potential risks associated with method effects and strategies to appropriately address them, which would enable a more accurate interpretation of an individual’s characteristics.