A shri yantra-shaped fractal flexible SWB antenna for wearable healthcare applications in 5G

A shri yantra-shaped patch antenna aims to provide a compact, flexible, lightweight super wideband antenna with enhanced bandwidth for medical applications. The proposed antenna features a fractal geometry and is made by iterating a circular and triangular slot over a base of rectangular copper sheet. The antenna is built on a EVA foam substrate of dielectric constant 1.07 which carries the size of $$98.5\text{ mm}\times 73.4\text{ mm}\times 2\text{ mm}$$ . By incorporating triangular structures, the proposed antenna achieves enhanced bandwidth from 856 MHz to greater than 20 GHz. The findings demonstrate that the developed antenna offers excellent impedance matching, low return loss, and stable radiation patterns across a broad frequency range, making them well suited for wearable 5G, 6G, and IoT applications from healthcare point of view. Moreover, experimental testing of the antenna in a human body environment confirms their effectiveness and reliability for medical applications. This research contributes to the evolution of next-generation wireless systems by providing wearable, flexible, cost-efficient, and high-performance antenna solutions with bending testing of suggested substrate material for different radii and SAR analysis for 1 gm and 10 gm tissue. The designed prototype is well suited for lower frequencies including application of medical in GSM 900, L band (1–2 GHz), and ISM band (2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz) and higher frequencies in microwave imaging (3–10 GHz), wireless body area networks (WBAN), and mm-wave applications (above 10 GHz).