Preparation of 2D Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Redox Polymer Composite Modified Electrode for Selective Detection of Epinephrine in Real-World Samples

The development of an efficient, simple, and cost-effective electrode material for accurately measuring the activity of neurotransmitters in the human body has become a significant focus in the research community. In this context, we have synthesized a novel composite of polyluminol (PLUM) coated graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) for the detection of epinephrine (Epi), also known as adrenaline. We employed various spectroscopic and analytical methods to analyze the crystalline and structural characteristics of both GCN and PLUM/GCN. The PLUM/GCN modified glassy carbon electrode shows excellent electrocatalytic properties for Epi detection. Notably, this sensor has a lowest detection limit of 0.00142 μM and a wide linear range of detection from 0.05 to 200 μM. The proposed PLUM/GCN sensor demonstrates good stability, strong repeatability, and limited selectivity in the presence of common interfering compounds. Furthermore, the PLUM/GCN sensor showed recovery rates between 89.20 and 106.90% for detecting Epi in spiked adrenaline injection samples and human bodily fluids, such as human blood serum and urine. This demonstrates the potential applicability of the proposed sensor in real-world samples.