Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Swallowing Function: Expanding Clinical Applications and Current Evidence

Objective: Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, is commonly associated with stroke, neurodegenerative conditions, and aging. Although videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) are considered diagnostic gold standards, ultrasonography (US) has emerged as a non-invasive, portable, and dynamic alternative. Materials and Methods: This literature review summarizes current publications that are centered on US-based swallowing assessment, covering technical approaches, anatomical targets, key metrics, and clinical applications. Results: The evidence gleaned indicates that US provides a quantitative analysis of critical physiological parameters of swallowing, such as hyoid bone displacement, suprahyoid muscle thickness, upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening duration, and pharyngeal wall motion. Correlations with VFSS and FEES are generally moderate to high. However, limitations such as operator dependency and lack of standardized protocols remain. Conclusion: The US may be a promising adjunct or alternative for dysphagia evaluation, offering practical advantages in settings where traditional diagnostic methods are less feasible.