Modeling, simulation, and validation of E-scooter braking dynamics using multibody methods

Abstract Electric kick scooters have recently emerged in the urban scenario as a key solution to the mobility challenges of big city centers. While some studies have explored e-scooter dynamics, the complex interaction between the vehicle and its rider remains insufficiently understood. This study presents a numerical analysis of e-scooter braking maneuvers using a multibody modeling approach. A detailed in-plane multibody system is developed in Matlab/Simscape environment, including a high-fidelity model of a commercial electric kick scooter equipped with a front wheel motor and a rear braking disc system. To describe the human body response to the braking stimulus and its influence on vehicle dynamics, a semi-active anatomical dummy model is integrated. The multibody system is tuned and validated through a dedicated and comprehensive experimental campaign, specifically set-up to encompass three braking intensities and to measure key characteristics involving the dynamics of both vehicle and rider. The tuning process is based on an optimization algorithm designed to minimize the discrepancies between experimental and numerical signals. The developed multibody model provides a robust tool for analyzing the e-scooter dynamics in various driving scenarios, offering valuable insights to enhance safety and comfort.