Fluoride in Oral Hygiene Products

Fluoride is a key component in oral hygiene products, widely recognised for its role in preventing dental caries. However, excessive fluoride intake poses potential health risks, particularly to vulnerable populations. This study evaluates fluoride exposure and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with commercial oral hygiene products in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). Based on fluoride concentration in toothpaste and mouthwash samples, estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) values were calculated for four age groups: children under two years of age (< 2 years), children (2–6 years), teenagers (6–16 years), and adults (≥ 16 years). The results revealed that toothpaste contributed more to fluoride exposure than mouthwash across all age groups. Children exhibited higher EDI and HQ values due to increased ingestion rates, with HQ exceeding 1 for some toothpaste samples, indicating potential non-carcinogenic health risks. In contrast, teenagers and adults had HQ values below 1, suggesting minimal risk. A comparative analysis with international studies demonstrated that fluoride exposure levels in B&H are generally lower, although certain samples exceeded safe intake thresholds. This study underscores the importance of monitoring fluoride concentrations in oral hygiene products and educating the public on their proper use to balance dental health benefits with potential risks.