Conductive Liquid Metal Vitrimer Composites for Reconfigurable and Recyclable Flexible Electronics

Abstract Liquid metal (LM) elastomer composites exhibit excellent functionality for stretchable electronics and wearables, but limited recycling and reuse pathways constrain their sustainable use. To address these challenges amid growing concerns over electronic waste, a conductive LM–vitrimer composite is presented that enables recyclable and reconfigurable electronics. This soft and stretchable composite features uniformly distributed LM inclusions that enhance thermal conductivity by 6.53× and enable the formation of conductive traces with electrical self‐healing, while the vitrimer provides structural restoration. The dynamic covalent bonds of the vitrimer matrix are leveraged for both reprocessing the composite and chemically recovering 94% of the LM. This liquid‐state filler slightly reduces the vitrimer's stiffness to 2.63 MPa (≈20% lower), while maintaining its high stretchability (>135% strain) and thermal stability. It is further examined how ultrasonicated LM inclusions interact with the vitrimer matrix and demonstrate the composite's self‐healing and recyclability through two distinct approaches: 1) thermomechanical reprocessing, which restores fragmented composites under heat and compression for circuit reconfiguration; and 2) chemical recycling, which recovers the embedded LM for reuse in fabricating new composites and redesigned circuitry. With the integration of recyclability and diverse functional capabilities, LM–vitrimer composites emerge as a promising material platform for sustainable, flexible electronics.

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Publication Details

Journal
Advanced Functional Materials
Published
2025-09-12
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202511119
Citations
5
Primary Topic
Polymer composites and self-healing
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
3.03
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article

Conductive Liquid Metal Vitrimer Composites for Reconfigurable and Recyclable Flexible Electronics

Shreya Paul, Youngshang Han, Christopher C. Bowland, Mohammad H. Malakooti et al.
5 citations
Advanced Functional Materials
Polymer composites and self-healing
3.03
article

Conductive Liquid Metal Vitrimer Composites for Reconfigurable and Recyclable Flexible Electronics

Shreya Paul, Youngshang Han, Christopher C. Bowland, Mohammad H. Malakooti, Sargun Singh Rohewal, Sumit Gupta
article en
5 citations

Abstract

Abstract Liquid metal (LM) elastomer composites exhibit excellent functionality for stretchable electronics and wearables, but limited recycling and reuse pathways constrain their sustainable use. To address these challenges amid growing concerns over electronic waste, a conductive LM–vitrimer composite is presented that enables recyclable and reconfigurable electronics. This soft and stretchable composite features uniformly distributed LM inclusions that enhance thermal conductivity by 6.53× and enable the formation of conductive traces with electrical self‐healing, while the vitrimer provides structural restoration. The dynamic covalent bonds of the vitrimer matrix are leveraged for both reprocessing the composite and chemically recovering 94% of the LM. This liquid‐state filler slightly reduces the vitrimer's stiffness to 2.63 MPa (≈20% lower), while maintaining its high stretchability (>135% strain) and thermal stability. It is further examined how ultrasonicated LM inclusions interact with the vitrimer matrix and demonstrate the composite's self‐healing and recyclability through two distinct approaches: 1) thermomechanical reprocessing, which restores fragmented composites under heat and compression for circuit reconfiguration; and 2) chemical recycling, which recovers the embedded LM for reuse in fabricating new composites and redesigned circuitry. With the integration of recyclability and diverse functional capabilities, LM–vitrimer composites emerge as a promising material platform for sustainable, flexible electronics.

Advanced Functional MaterialsVol. 35(50)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (US), University of Washington (US), University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US)
Openalex Percentile: Top 8%
Polymer composites and self-healing
3.03
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