Effects of exercise on neuroinflammation in age-related neurodegenerative disorders

Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of aging-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Multiple Sclerosis. It involves the activation of glial cells and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which, when chronically sustained, contribute to neuronal damage and cognitive decline. Recent evidence suggests that regular physical exercise exerts neuroprotective effects by modulating neuroinflammatory pathways and enhancing brain health. Exercise has been shown to regulate the activity of microglia and astrocytes, strengthen the blood-brain barrier, and reduce systemic and gut-derived inflammation-all of which are implicated in the progression of neurodegeneration. Additionally, exercise influences inflammasome signaling, a key component in the innate immune response, further mitigating inflammation-induced neuronal injury. This review summarizes current findings on the impact of physical activity on inflammation and inflammasome pathways in aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting the therapeutic potential of exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention. Further research is warranted to optimize exercise protocols for maximal neuroprotective benefits.