N-terminal truncating variants in CACNB1 cause a new congenital muscular disorder

Excitation-contraction (EC) coupling is an essential process for skeletal muscle function. Pathogenic variants in different EC coupling components have previously been associated with various neuromuscular disorders. In this study we aimed to identify the genetic etiology of a muscular condition characterized by early-onset muscle weakness, elevated CK, ptosis and low body weight, which was observed in three individuals from two unrelated consanguineous families. Exome sequencing (ES) performed in multiple individuals of one family, and ES in combination with SNP array-based homozygosity mapping in the proband of the other family, revealed different homozygous loss-of-function variants in the second exon of CACNB1 in the affected individuals from each family. CACNB1 encodes the β1 subunit of the skeletal muscle dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR), a voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channel with a major role in EC coupling. Molecular impact of the identified variants was assessed in LHCN-M2 human myoblasts. Long-read RNA sequencing in LHCN-M2 wild-type myotubes showed that in differentiated skeletal muscle cells virtually all CACNB1 transcript isoforms contain exon 2 and will therefore be affected by genetic variants in this exon. Pathogenicity of the identified CACNB1 variants was further validated by replicating one of them (c.85-1G>A) in LHCN-M2 cells using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated base-editing. Analysis of LHCN-M2 edited myotubes demonstrated that in addition to the loss of β1 subunits, these cells displayed severely reduced protein levels of α1S, the pore-forming subunit of DHPR. We conclude that pathogenic variants in CACNB1 cause a new congenital muscular disorder.