Holy Spirit leadership in modern pentecostalism: Insights from the Second Temple period

Background: The Azusa Street revival and its fruitfulness have been accorded honours and impacts far greater and more significant than historical contexts within the ancient identifications of the foundational manifestations of the move and historical imprints of the Spirit of God.Objectives: This article shows that Pentecostalism, within the Spirit leadership perspective, is older and broader than New Testament Christianity in its various forms, including modern Pentecostalism, through the anciency of the Holy Spirit.Method: A descriptive and reflective approach is applied in the study. The Second Temple period (STP) is used as a historical anchor for the Holy Spirit towards the New Testament era up to modern Pentecostalism.Results: The study reveals that while Pentecostalism is important, the Spirit of God in the phases of His manifestations should not be limited to the New Testament Christian era, especially to the section characterised by Pentecostalism.Conclusion: The STP should not be seen as an era of silence for the Spirit of God, as Pentecostalism is not something born from nowhere, but part of the journey of the Spirit of God, which also includes the Second Temple era, inheriting from the scope of the entire Old Testament.Contribution: The article broadens the historicity of the Holy Spirit before the New Testament and modern Pentecostalism.