From Dependency to Resilience: Europe's Energy Landscape Amid the Russia—Ukraine War

Europe responded to Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 within a significant geopolitical context. Ukraine occupies a crucial strategic position between Europe and Russia, as most Russian energy supplies to European nations pass through Ukrainian territory. This war has severely impacted global and European energy security. The conflict's consequences for energy have reverberated worldwide, causing supply reductions, source diversification, price volatility, geopolitical tensions, and economic decline.