The Beauty of Blossom: An Overview of the Composition, Functions, and Regulation of Volatile Compounds in Flowers

ABSTRACT Floral volatiles are vital volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants, playing key ecological roles in defence, pollinator attraction, and seed dispersal. The composition and emission of floral volatiles are shaped by genetic, environmental, and ecological factors, making them a dynamic and adaptive element of plant survival. Beyond their ecological functions, VOCs significantly influence crop quality and are integral to the production of food, beverages, cosmetics, perfumes, and pharmaceuticals. Floral scents consist of diverse VOCs primarily classified into terpenoids, phenylpropanoids/benzenoids, aliphatics, amino acids, and fatty acid derivatives. Numerous genes and transcription factors have been identified as key regulators in the biosynthesis and fusion of these volatiles. In this review, we consolidate recent advances in the composition, function, and regulatory mechanisms of floral plant volatiles. We also highlight unresolved challenges and future research directions, offering valuable insights into the enhancement and translational potential of floral plant VOCs.