Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Advances in Spinal Tuberculosis: A Comprehensive Review

This review systematically explores the pathogenesis of spinal tuberculosis, emphasizing the interplay among Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission routes, host immune responses, and anatomical and physiological characteristics of the spine. It also provides a comprehensive summary of current therapeutic advances, including optimized regimens of conventional anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy, surgical interventions, and emerging technologies such as local drug delivery systems, 3D printing, and targeted therapies. The aim is to offer clinicians an in-depth theoretical framework and therapeutic reference to further improve the diagnosis and treatment of spinal tuberculosis.