Evaluation of Dairy Production Systems, Milk Quality and Feed Resources in Arsi-Negele, West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

Urban and peri-urban dairy production in Ethiopia plays a crucial role in meeting the increasing milk demand of cities, with smallholder producers actively engaged in dairying. Despite their significant contribution, these systems face challenges such as low productivity of indigenous breeds, insufficient infrastructure, and limited access to feed and health services. Production levels remain inadequate to satisfy urban demand in towns like Arsi-Negele, Oromia region. The potential and constraints of urban dairy systems, as well as the quality of milk supplied to emerging collection points, have not been comprehensively documented. This study evaluated the cattle milk production systems, assessed milk quality, characterized feed resources, and identified production challenges in Arsi-Negelle town. The research involved field surveys and milk sample analyses from urban dairy farms. Data on farm practices, characteristics, feed types, and milk quality were collected through farmer interviews and observation. Results indicate that dairy farming in the study area predominantly employs a zero-grazing system, raising crossbred and indigenous cattle. Primary feed resources consisted of crop residues, atella (a local agro-industrial by-product), and other agro-industrial by-products. Milk quality showed variability, with some samples meeting acceptable compositional standards, while others revealed deficiencies in hygiene and handling. Milk composition analysis revealed an average fat content of 3.47%, protein 3.24%, solids-not-fat 9.18%, and total solids 12.65%. Statistical analysis indicated that parity and stage of lactation significantly influenced milk fat content (P <0.01), whereas protein, solids-not-fat, and total solids were not significantly affected. Although fat content was slightly higher in dedicated dairy farms (3.56%) than in mixed crop-livestock farms (3.50%), this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The elevated fat content in dairy farms is likely attributable to a higher proportion of indigenous cattle genetics. Constraints limiting dairy productivity included inadequate feed supply, poor access to veterinary services, and limited availability of improved breeding stock. Despite these challenges, urban dairy systems in town have substantial potential to enhance local milk supply. Addressing feed shortages, improving animal health and genetic improvement programs, and enforcing stricter milk hygiene protocols could boost both productivity and milk marketability. Recommendations emphasize strengthening extension services on feeding, health management, and breeding; instituting quality control at milk collection points; and supporting smallholders through feed provision and technical training. Further research is essential to optimize production systems and tailor interventions toward sustainable urban dairy development.