Instructional leadership and teacher self-efficacy for school improvement: A systematic review of empirical studies

The research investigates future thinking and professional competence among middle school history teachers, focusing on correlations with cultural awareness and the influence of gender and years of service. Key objectives include assessing future thinking and professional competence, exploring correlations between these factors and Cultural awareness, and examining differences based on gender and experience. The researcher developed scales for future thinking (30 items across five dimensions), professional competence (15 items), and cultural awareness (20 items), with a sample of 200 history teachers (80 male, 120 female) for the 2024-2025 academic year. Findings indicate that middle school history teachers exhibit forward-thinking, professional competence, and Cultural awareness, with no significant differences in correlations based on gender or years of service.