Recent progress in solid- and liquid-phase microextraction methods for the extraction and quantification of current-use pesticides

The widespread use of pesticides has led to their pervasive presence in diverse environmental matrices such as water, air, and soil. Therefore, accurate and reliable determination of pesticides in various sample types is essential. In recent years, a range of miniaturized extraction techniques, particularly solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and liquid-phase microextraction (LPME), have been developed. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in liquid- and solid-phase microextraction techniques for separation and quantification of pesticides, while also critically evaluating their respective advantages and limitations. In addition, different configurations of solid- and liquid phase microextraction used for the extraction of pesticides are discussed. Moreover, various advanced materials such as molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), 3D printed devices, Mxenes, and biopolymers used for the microextraction of pesticides were also discussed.