Middle business in Russia: institutional constraints, digital opportunities and growth prospects

The article explores institutional and digital determinants of medium-sized business development in Russia. Based on the synthesis of classical and new institutional economics and modern concepts of digital transformation, a multifactorial model for the growth of medium enterprises is proposed. The model includes three interrelated layers: formal institutions (tax and legal systems, public support), informal practices (trust, entrepreneurial culture), and digital infrastructure (platforms, blockchain, digital profiles). The study reveals mechanisms of institutional synergy that enhance productivity and reduce transaction costs. Practical recommendations are provided for integrating the model into national and regional policies, emphasizing the strategic role of medium-sized businesses in modernizing the Russian economy.