Investigation of the Optical Properties of Bovine Tissues at 635 nm: Integrating Sphere Measurements and Monte Carlo Simulations

Understanding the optical properties of biological tissues is essential for optimizing light-based medical applications such as phototherapy, laser surgery, and biomedical imaging. In this study, the absorption coefficient (μₐ) and reduced scattering coefficient (μₛ′) of bovine muscle, heart, brain, kidney and fat tissues were determined at 635 nm using an integrating sphere system and Inverse Adding-Doubling (IAD) method. The experimental results were then used as input parameters for Monte Carlo (MCML) simulations to model light propagation and determine fluence rate distributions within the tissue models. The results demonstrated significant variations in optical properties across different types of tissue, with brain and fat tissues exhibiting lower penetration depths due to higher scattering coefficients. The findings align with previous literature while providing a more comprehensive evaluation through the integration of experimental and computational approaches.