Nanosized chitosan systems for regenerative medicine

Nanoscience and nanotechnology have revolutionised medicine, leading to groundbreaking advancements in drug delivery, gene therapy, and tissue regeneration. Among nanomaterials, nanoparticles stand out due to their high surface-to-volume ratio and tunable physicochemical properties. Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, has attracted considerable attention for its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. However, its limited solubility necessitates chemical modifications to enhance its biomedical applicability. Recently, nanosized chitosan has emerged as a promising material for regenerative medicine, offering improved mechanical and biological properties that support tissue repair. This review examines the use of chitosan nanoparticles in regenerative medicine, with a focus on their applications in bone and cartilage regeneration, cardiac tissue repair, skin regeneration and wound healing, nervous system repair, and drug and gene delivery. By highlighting recent advancements and existing challenges, this review analyses the potential of chitosan-based nanosystems as a versatile and effective biomaterial for regenerative therapies.