Preparation and Rheological Properties of Xanthoceras Sorbifolia Bunge Oil-Based Lubricating Oil Based on Ring-Opening Esterification Modification and Nano-C14MA/MMT Synergistic Strengthening

Lubricating oil plays a critical role in protecting mechanical systems. Driven by sustainable development strategies, the development of high-performance, biocompatible green lubricants has become an urgent industry need. Biomass resources, characterized by wide distribution, renewability, and environmental friendliness, represent ideal raw materials for replacing petrochemical-based lubricants. In this study, renewable Xanthoceras sorbifolia oil was utilized as the feedstock. Branched modification was achieved via ring-opening esterification using 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) as the modifier and tetrafluoroboric acid (HBF₄) as the catalyst. This epoxidation-branching modification process was synergistically combined with Nano-C₁₄MA/MMT treatment. This approach significantly reduced high-temperature kinematic viscosity loss while maintaining excellent low-temperature flow properties, resulting in an Xanthoceras sorbifolia oil-based lubricant with outstanding viscosity-temperature performance and low-temperature fluidity. At a Nano-C₁₄MA/MMT mass ratio of 0.3 wt% of the base oil, the lubricant demonstrated superior wide-temperature performance: KV₄₀ = 424.1 mm²/s, KV₁₀₀ = 50.8 mm²/s, VI = 180.8. The SP was reduced to -43 °C, exceeding the performance requirements of V-class environmentally friendly lubricants (e.g., synthetic ester oils). Furthermore, the coefficient of friction (COF) was 0.011 and the anti-wear scar diameter (AWSD) was 0.44 mm, indicating lubrication performance significantly superior to SN-class lubricants (specifications: COF < 0.12, AWSD < 0.50 mm).