Physical and Statistical Pattern of the Thiva (Greece) 2020–2022 Seismic Swarm

On 2 December 2020, an earthquake with a magnitude of <i>M</i>_w 4.5 occurred near the city of Thiva (Greece). The aftershock sequence, triggered by ruptures on or near the Kallithea fault, continued until January 2021. Seven months later, new seismic activity began a few kilometers west of the initial events, with the swarm displaying a general trend of spatiotemporal migration toward the east-southeast until the middle of 2022. In order to understand the physical and statistical pattern of the swarm, the seismicity was relocated using HypoDD, and the magnitude of completeness was determined using the frequency-magnitude distribution. In order to define the existence of spatiotemporal seismicity clusters in an objective way, the DBSCAN clustering algorithm was applied to the 2020-2022 Thiva earthquake sequence. The extracted clusters permit the analysis of the spatiotemporal scaling properties of the main clusters using the Non-Extensive Statistical Physics (NESP) approach, providing detailed insights into the nature of the long-term correlation of the seismic swarm. The statistical pattern observed aligns with a <i>Q</i>-exponential distribution, with <i>q_D</i> values ranging from 0.7 to 0.8 and <i>q_T</i> values from 1.44 to 1.50. Furthermore, the frequency-magnitude distributions were analyzed using the fragment-asperity model proposed within the NESP framework, providing the non-additive entropic parameter (<i>q_M</i>). The results suggest that the statistical characteristics of earthquake clusters can be effectively interpreted using NESP, highlighting the complexity and non-additive nature of the spatiotemporal evolution of seismicity. In addition, the analysis of the properties of the seismicity clusters extracted using the DBSCAN algorithm permits the suggestion of possible physical mechanisms that drive the evolution of the two main and larger clusters. For the cluster that activated first and is located in the west-northwest part, an afterslip mechanism activated after the 2 September 2021, <i>M</i> 4.0 events seems to predominately control its evolution, while for the second activated cluster located in the east-southeast part, a normal diffusion mechanism is proposed to describe its migration pattern. Concluding, we can state that in the present work the application of the DBSCAN algorithm to recognize the existence of any possible spatiotemporal clustering of seismicity could be helping to provide detailed insight into the statistical and physical patterns in earthquake swarms.