Exploration of Motivational Differences in German and Icelandic Equestrians

Little is known about how institutionalized structures in Germany and agrarian traditions in Iceland influence riders’ motivational profiles and shape participation norms. In this study, we examine the extent to which differences in equestrianism depend on the cultural context and type of rider, thereby closing a gap in cross-national research on sport motives. A representative sample of German (n = 788) and Icelandic (n = 145) riders completed the Bernese Motive and Goal Inventory (BMZI). Group differences were analyzed using effect sizes, and a two-way ANOVA was conducted to examine interactions between country and rider type. Results revealed that competitive riders in both countries prioritized competition and external image, while leisure riders emphasized intrinsic motives such as nature engagement and well-being (e.g., Icelandic leisure vs. competitive, d = 0.44). German riders, supported by institutionalized sport structures, reported higher activation and aesthetic motives (German leisure vs. Icelandic leisure, d = 0.45), whereas Icelandic riders, influenced by regulatory challenges, prioritized heritage and practical horsemanship, with leisure riders reporting stronger distraction motives (d = 0.59). Cross-country interactions emerged, including German competitive riders valuing horse handling more than their Icelandic counterparts (d = 0.74). Perceived femininity of equestrianism was significantly higher among German riders (d = 2.47), and fitness and physique motives were low across all groups. These findings underscore the importance of sociocultural frameworks and gender perceptions in shaping equestrian motivations, advancing debates on how sports adapt to local identities, and informing more inclusive participation models.