Effects of Alcohol, Nicotine, and Caffeine on Daphnia magna Cardiac Activity

<div> This study investigates the impact of various substances-alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine-on the heart rate of Daphnia magna. By exposing these aquatic organisms to controlled concentrations of each substance, significant physiological changes were observed. Alcohol at higher concentrations decreased cardiac activity, while caffeine and nicotine caused stimulation. These results highlight the importance of studying anthropogenic pollutants and their implications for aquatic ecosystems. </div>