Heteropneustes fossilis (Stinging Catfish): Bridging Ethno-Medicine and Biomedical Potential

Heteropneustes fossilis, commonly known as the stinging catfish, has long been used in traditional medicine systems in many South Asian countries for its therapeutic properties. H. fossilis is consumed and used for treating anaemia, respiratory conditions, inflammation, and general debility, and holds a dual role as both a nutritional and a medicinal resource. Modern Biomedical research now increasingly validates these traditional claims, linking the fish’s therapeutic properties to its nutritional richness in protein, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids, along with bioactive compounds with medicinal importance. This review bridges traditional ethno-medicinal knowledge with modern scientific studies, presenting insights into its biochemical composition, pharmacological potential, and applications in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. While several studies highlight anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and regenerative properties, there is critical research gaps in clinical validation, bioactive compound characterization and quantification, and sustainable resource management. This paper provides an interdisciplinary approach to unlock thetherapeutic potential of H. fossilis, thereby preserving indigenous knowledge while advancing biomedical research.