Multi-level evolutionary model for smart tourism transition: A pilot test in the Andalusian region (Spain)

The transition from traditional to smart tourism destinations requires structured theoretical models that can capture the complexity of stakeholder engagement and behavioural change. This study introduced and empirically tested the multi-level evolutionary model, which conceptualizes smart tourism development as a sequential process across four stages: knowledge, awareness, commitment, and action. The proposed framework was then validated based on a survey of 350 public and private tourism stakeholders in Andalusia (Spain) and partial least squares structural equation modelling analysis. The results confirmed significant and positive relationships between each stage and demonstrated that the adoption of smart tourism is not a one-time event but a gradual evolution requiring cumulative engagement. The findings provide empirical evidence that knowledge fosters awareness, awareness nurtures commitment, and commitment ultimately drives tangible actions towards smart tourism practices. The study offers actionable insights for destination managers and policymakers, while emphasizing the need for integrated strategies that align technological innovation, stakeholder participation, and sustainability goals to ensure the success of the smart destination transition.