An overview of the current and future trends in the design and performance of lithium-ion battery packs for electric vehicles

Lithium-ion battery packs are essential to the electrification of cars, especially electric vehicles (EVs), as they provide the required energy storage for longer driving distances and improved performance. The performance and design trends for Li-ion battery packs for electric vehicles are presented in this article in detail. This review paper examines the contemporary movements in the boundaries of Li-ion battery technology for EV applications, which involve a range of factors, such as design specifications of a battery pack and other safety measures, the importance of battery management systems (BMS), and thermal management systems (TMS). The design levels of Li-ion battery packs are discussed based on a selection of the right cells and application criteria, which include the weight of the battery in an electric vehicle (EV) and the placement of the battery in the vehicle, which can affect the handling and power efficiency of the vehicle. Moreover, the Li-ion battery intelligence system, referred to as the Battery Management System (BMS), is extensively discussed, including its architecture, functions, and conventional and advanced optimized algorithms to protect and mitigate battery failures. The reliability of precise estimation of state-of-charge and cell balancing is investigated, which integrates with artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques. In this article, the temperature consequences of Li-ion batteries during internal and external fault operating conditions investigated, and various advanced battery thermal management systems emphasized to prevent thermal runaway in EV applications. The research results provide a roadmap for academics, engineers, and other industry participants to comprehend and traverse the rapidly developing field of battery technology, fostering the development of effective, secure, and environmentally friendly energy storage options for electric vehicles.