An overview of the microelectromechanical systems employed in cardiology practice: operating principles, diagnostic potential, and future applications

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of worldwide mortality. Recent advancements in microelectronics have created novel opportunities for the development of innovative, intelligent devices that can perform unique electromechanical functions. Microelectromechanical systems are microscopic devices measuring between 20 and 1000 µm and integrated with microelectronics. They are used in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, monitoring body functions, and in bioprosthetics. They possess the potential to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of life-threatening conditions. The advent of mobile technologies has led to the development of novel approaches that can enhance the efficiency of healthcare systems. Medical telemetry systems enable the remote measurement of physiological parameters via wireless technology. Implantable medical devices offer a wide range of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This article provides an overview of current research focusing on implantable microelectromechanical systems with remote signal transmission in cardiology practice, describes in detail their practical operating principles and information transmission mechanisms, and reports the findings of their application in clinical trials. A comprehensive review of relevant publications suggests that this branch of medicine can be widely employed in clinical practice, enabling the personalized monitoring of patients and the prevention of life-threatening complications.