Factors Impacting Pneumococcal Vaccination Among Non-Hispanic Black Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to evaluate factors associated with pneumococcal vaccination among non-Hispanic Black adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsA cross-sectional, online survey was conducted in December 2023 using a Qualtrics research panel. Eligible participants were adults 19 years and older and non-Hispanic Blacks who self-reported a T2DM diagnosis. The survey comprised 55 items across 5 sections based on the health belief model. Descriptive and bivariate analyses and hierarchical binary logistic regression were used for data analysis.ResultsThere were 330 eligible participants. Two-thirds received at least 1 dose of the pneumococcal vaccine. Participants had a mean age of 51.4 ± 16.8 years; 63.9% were women. Higher perceived susceptibility and higher cues to action were significantly associated with pneumococcal vaccination. However, higher perceived susceptibility, higher severity, geographical location, and history of influenza vaccination emerged as significant predictors, and improved model predictive ability for pneumococcal vaccination was observed (Akaike information criterion = 384.1 vs 423.5) after controlling for sociodemographic and other factors (education level, income, geographical location, diabetes-related complications, treatment types, frequency of health visits, influenza vaccination history, pneumococcal disease history, general vaccine beliefs, perceived mistrust).ConclusionClinical, public health, and health policy programs should address these factors in planning educational campaigns and strategies to increase pneumococcal vaccination among non-Hispanic Black individuals with T2DM.