Determinants of Socio-Cognitive Factors Shaping and Influencing Mindful Eating Behaviors and Food Choices among University Students: A Qualitative Study

Background: Mindful Eating, characterized as non-judgmental awareness of bodily and emotional sensations associated with food consumption, has been recognized for its potential to enhance both physical and mental well-being. However, the socio-cognitive factors and beliefs that shape the practice of Mindful Eating, especially among university students, remain underexplored. This study aims to investigate the socio-cognitive influences, such as social context and cognitive awareness that contribute to students' perceptions and practices of Mindful Eating. The research addresses the question: What socio-cognitive factors influence Mindful Eating practices among university students, and how do these factors shape students’ food choices? Method: This qualitative, exploratory study employed focus group discussions to explore university students' perceptions and beliefs regarding Mindful Eating. A purposive sample of 16 students from Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan, participated in two focus groups. The discussions provided qualitative insights into students’ awareness of Mindful Eating, the socio-cognitive influences affecting their eating behaviors, and the role of social settings in shaping their food choices. Data were analyzed thematically to identify key themes and subthemes. Results: The findings indicate that although students demonstrated awareness of Mindful Eating, their knowledge of its practical application was limited. Social influences, particularly the presence of friends and family, were found to negatively affect eating habits and the ability to practice Mindful Eating. In contrast, cognitive benefits associated with Mindful Eating, such as enhanced focus and mental clarity, were recognized. Participants indicated that food choices were influenced by taste, health considerations, and social context, with no significant difference observed between healthy and unhealthy food options at the university café. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of increasing awareness of Mindful Eating among university students and suggests that interventions should target both cognitive benefits and the reduction of negative social influences to foster healthier eating habits. Further research with a more diverse sample is warranted to generalize these findings.