Research progress of sustained-release microsphere technology in drug delivery

sustained-release microsphere technology, with its unique advantages of prolonged controlled release, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, reduced side effects, and improved patient compliance, has emerged as a research hotspot in modern drug delivery. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in sustained-release microspheres in the biomedical field. First, the core concepts and distinct advantages of this approach, compared with conventional drug administration, are elaborated. Subsequently, the principles and features of key preparation techniques, including emulsion–solvent evaporation, spray drying, and advanced microfluidic methods, are highlighted. Furthermore, the applications and validation of microsphere-based systems in diverse therapeutic areas—such as transarterial chemoembolization for cancer, chronic disease management (e.g., diabetes, psychiatric disorders), and local targeted therapies (e.g., ophthalmology, postoperative analgesia)—are critically discussed. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of this technology are outlined, providing insights for its further development and clinical translation.