Barriers to career development and gender-related challenges in oncology: the results of the JSMO and JSCO surveys in Japan

<h3>Background</h3> As the number of female physicians in Japan increases, so does the number of female oncologists. This study investigates gender-related challenges and identifies factors influencing career progression among oncology professionals in Japan. <h3>Materials and methods</h3> A survey was distributed to members of the Japanese Society of Medical Oncology (JSMO) and the Japan Society of Clinical Oncology (JSCO), based on the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Women for Oncology questionnaire. It covered demographics, professional environment, work–life balance, personal choices, and career-related challenges. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 612 responses (47.5% women, 52.5% men) were analyzed; 58.9% were <50 years of age. Female respondents were significantly more likely to report that their careers impacted marital status, childbearing decisions, and time for childcare. Women also reported a greater influence of life choices—such as marriage, childbirth, and reduced working hours—on their careers than men. Notably, 66.4% of women perceived career barriers compared with 40.6% of men. Major obstacles included difficulty balancing work and life, limited opportunities for clinical research, and childcare responsibilities. Multivariate analysis showed that gender and age were significant predictors of perceived career barriers. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Gender disparities remain a major issue for female oncologists in Japan, rooted in societal expectations, unequal childcare burdens, and institutional limitations. Systemic changes—such as promoting task sharing, expanding mentorship, and implementing inclusive workplace policies—are essential to foster equitable career advancement in oncology.