A Review on Microspheres: Design, Preparation, Biomedical Applications

The development of innovative therapeutics through advances in biotechnology, genomics, and combinatorial chemistry has highlighted the critical need for effective drug delivery systems. Among the various delivery platforms, microspheres have emerged as a promising approach for controlled and targeted drug delivery. Microspheres are spherical particles ranging from 1 to 1000 µm in size, composed of natural or synthetic polymers, capable of encapsulating a wide range of therapeutic agents. Their ability to provide sustained and site-specific drug release enhances therapeutic efficacy, reduces dosing frequency, and minimizes side effects. This review explores the fundamental principles behind the design, preparation, and evaluation of microspheres as drug carriers. It discusses different types of microspheres such as bio adhesive, magnetic, floating, and biodegradable polymeric microspheres and highlights various preparation methods, including solvent evaporation, spray drying, and phase separation. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the applications of microspheres in enhancing drug stability, improving bioavailability, and targeting specific tissues or disease sites. With ongoing research and technological integration, microspheres are anticipated to play a pivotal role in the future of novel drug delivery systems, particularly in cancer therapy, gene delivery, and tissue engineering.