Modern and traditional strategies for controlling microbial contamination in plant micropropagation: Current insights and future perspectives

• Plant tissue culture is essential for agriculture and conservation, but microbial contamination poses a major obstacle to its success. • Traditional methods like thermotherapy and chemotherapy have been effective, yet eco-friendly innovations such as nanotechnology and natural antimicrobials are gaining momentum. • Integrating modern and traditional strategies can enhance the sustainability and efficiency of plant micropropagation in the face of microbial threats. Plant tissue culture is an essential technique widely utilized in agriculture, horticulture, scientific research, and biodiversity preservation, offering controlled methods for plant multiplication and genetic modification. This approach contributes to increased agricultural productivity, enhanced disease resistance, and the protection of rare or threatened plant species. However, microbial contamination—originating from microorganisms in the phyllosphere, rhizosphere, and endosphere—remains a major challenge in plant micropropagation. Without effective management, contamination can inhibit regeneration, callus formation, adventitious shoot development, and may even lead to tissue death. Various strategies, including thermotherapy, chemotherapy, and cryotherapy, have been employed to combat contamination in plant micropropagation. Moreover, emerging approaches such as the application of nanotechnology and natural products offer promising, eco-friendly alternatives. This review examines the sources of contamination and highlights the strategies used to mitigate it, offering insights into innovative solutions that support sustainable agricultural practices and conservation efforts.