Irreversibility analysis of tri-hybrid nanofluids with variable physical properties over vertical needle: Stability analysis

Tri-hybrid nanofluids greatly improve heat transportation performance. Therefore, they are characterized in a variety of engineering and nanotechnological applications. This work aims to delve into multiple solutions of A l 2 O 3 − C u − A g / H 2 O tri-hybrid nanofluids and examine the effects of temperature-dependent physical properties and entropy generation through a thin moving needle. The influence of magnetohydrodynamics, thermal radiation, Joule heating, thermal and velocity slip constraints was also examined. The resultant ODEs solved through the MATLAB bvp4c method. The importance of temperature, velocity, Nusselt number, entropy production and shear stress are analyzed against various factors, both graphically and tabularly. The outcomes reveal that dual solutions exists in the range χ c < χ ≤ − 9.8073 , against shear stress and thermal transportation rate. It also found that THNFs have superior thermal transportation performance compared to HNFs and single-phase nanofluids. The variation in temperature-dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity enhances the skin friction and heat transportation rates, respectively. By increasing the needle size, the shear stress curve exhibits a growing trend for the stable branch solution. Entropy production developed for both solutions with the accelerating values of the Brinkman number. This study is 99.9 % compatible with existing literature work for distinct values of the size of needle c ( 0.1 , 0.01 , 0.001 ) .