Enhancing Human-Cyber-Physical System Cooperation: A Grid-Based Modeling Approach

Effective cooperation with complex cyber–physical systems is essential for advancing human-centered industrial environments. This paper introduces a Cooperation Grid Framework designed to enhance dynamic task allocation between humans and CPS agents. An application in an emulated environment demonstrates the framework’s ability to identify gaps and propose targeted improvements, thereby enabling Efficient, robust, and adaptive human–agent cooperation. The study emphasizes cooperation as a concept distinct from interaction, collaboration, and symbiosis, ensuring that human–CPS relationships are optimized. By providing practical insights for designing adaptive systems that support dynamic task allocation across multiple levels, the framework establishes a solid foundation for resilient, human-centered industrial systems capable of responding to evolving operational demands.