Sustainable Glass Manufacturing: Optimizing Batch Composition and Integrating Green Hydrogen for a Resilient Supply Chain

This study presents a multi-objective MILP model to design a resilient closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) for glass production, integrating green hydrogen (GH) and natural gas (NG) as fuels for furnaces. The model optimizes batch compositions, leveraging recycled glass (cullet) to minimize costs, energy use, and CO 2 /NO x emissions. A Pareto frontier reveals trade-offs between objectives using an LP-metric optimization framework. A scenario-based stochastic technique manages uncertainties in demand and recycling rates, while a stochastic ρ -robust approach enhances supply chain resilience (SCR) by mitigating batch supplier disruptions. Results identify three solution clusters: energy- and emission-focused, cost-dominant, and balanced trade-offs.