Determinants of the effectiveness of political parties in Iraq since the year

Since 2003, Iraq has witnessed a radical transformation in the political system, allowing for the emergence and proliferation of political parties. However, the effectiveness of these parties has been affected by several constraints, most notably sectarian and ethnic divisions, which have often driven action based on affiliations rather than comprehensive national programs. Interventions by regional and international powers have also influenced the orientations and alliances of parties, weakening their independence and effectiveness in representing national interests. In addition, the political environment suffers from weak legislation and a lack of transparency and oversight of funding sources, which has opened the door to corruption and favoritism. The control of some parties over state institutions has distorted the concept of the civil state and deepened the principle of "quotas" in the sharing of power and resources. The weakness of a democratic culture and the lack of popular trust play a fundamental role in limiting the effectiveness of parties, as they are now viewed as agents of personal interests rather than as tools for change. Therefore, reforming the party system requires a radical approach to these constraints to ensure a more effective role for parties in building a democratic and stable state