Comparative efficacy of nonpharmacological interventions for preventing postoperative delirium in hospitalized older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

This network meta-analysis, drawing on both direct and indirect evidence, suggests that multicomponent nonpharmacological interventions are the most effective strategies for reducing POD incidence in hospitalized older adults. Specifically, interventions incorporating physical activity, reorientation, clinical adjustment, sensory stimulation, environmental control and relaxation promotion significantly lowered the risk of POD. These findings support the adoption of comprehensive multicomponent interventions as a first-line approach for POD prevention in surgical older adult populations.