Embedding Reflective Game Design (RGD) into Digital Game Based Learning: Design Recommendations and Empirical Insights

Reflective learning enhances critical thinking, metacognition, and knowledge retention by encouraging learners to analyse their experiences. Digital games provide a rich environment for reflection through interactivity, feedback, and iterative exploration. While many games incorporate elements that support reflective learning, such as prompts, feedback displays, and decision-making mechanics, there has been limited systematic integration of reflective principles into digital Game-Based Learning (GBL) design. This study provides a structured Reflective Game Design (RGD) approach to embed reflective learning into digital GBL environments. Conducted in three phases, the research: (1) reviewed literature to identify core reflective strategies and game mechanics; (2) co-designed and developed two game prototypes, one with RGD features and one without; and (3) used a mixed-methods evaluation to compare usability, engagement, and learning outcomes across the two versions. Findings indicate that games designed with RGD features significantly enhance learners’ critical engagement, emotional awareness, and knowledge retention. Features such as journaling, prompts, feedback systems, and emotional tracking, were particularly effective in deepening player connection and learning. This research offers actionable design recommendations and a flexible RGD framework to support the integration of reflective practices into educational games. It will be of particular value to GBL researchers, instructional designers, serious game developers, and educators seeking to create more meaningful, learner-centred digital experiences.