Cockroaches as urban pests: Challenges, public health implications, and management strategies

<h2>Abstract</h2> Cockroaches are among the most resilient urban pests, posing significant public health and environmental challenges. This review examines their biology, disease transmission potential, and control strategies in urban environments. Key findings highlight their adaptability, rapid reproduction, and role as vectors for pathogens such as <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Salmonella</i>, as well as allergens that worsen respiratory conditions. Insecticide resistance complicates traditional control efforts, making integrated pest management a combination of chemical, biological, and environmental strategies the most sustainable approach. Emerging technologies like gene editing offer future solutions. Addressing cockroach infestations requires interdisciplinary collaboration, improved sanitation, public education, and proactive urban planning to reduce health risks and enhance quality of life in urban settings.