E‐Cigarette and Vanillin Exposure Disrupts Cardiovascular Development in <i>Xenopus laevis</i>

Exposure to an aerosolized e-liquid (particularly its vanillin component) perturbs cardiovascular development in Xenopus, manifesting as reduced cranial blood flow, vascular abnormalities, smaller ventricles, and slower heart rate. These results implicate flavoring chemicals (rather than nicotine alone) in developmental cardiotoxicity, underscoring the need for mechanistic and mammalian model studies of inhaled e-liquid constituents.