Manas and Chaksu - Mana Samyoga: An Integrative Perspective in Neuro - Ophthalmology

In Ayurveda, Manas is described as Ateendriya (beyond direct perception) and Ubhayendriya (both sensory and motor in nature). True perception requires the coordinated interaction of Atma, Indriya, Artha, and Manas. Among the Indriyas, Chakṣu holds a unique and inseparable association with Manas, termed Chakṣu–Mana Samyoga, which is fundamental for visual cognition. In Salakya Tantra, vision is not regarded as a mere ocular process but as an integrated psycho neural function governed by Vata Dosa. Modern neuro-ophthalmology parallels this understanding by emphasising attentional regulation in the visual pathway involving the retina, optic nerve, thalamus, and occipital cortex. Disruptions in this integration manifest in conditions such as photophobia, stress-induced blurred vision, glaucoma, and psychosomatic visual disorders. Stress is increasingly recognised as a major factor influencing intraocular pressure, vascular regulation, and optic nerve health. This article reviews Ayurvedic perspectives of Manas, Chaksu, Manovaha Srotas, and Indriya Panca-Pancaka while correlating them with modern neurological processes, thereby establishing an integrative framework for neuro-ophthalmology.