PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLE TRAINING FOR STRESS URINARY INCONTINENCE: ADVANCES FROM BIOMECHANICAL MECHANISMS TO CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common condition characterized by involuntary urine leakage resulting from increased abdominal pressure during certain activities [Abrams P et al., The standardization of terminology in lower urinary tract function: Report from the standardization sub-committee of the international continence society, Urology 61:37–49, 2003.]. Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) has become a first-line noninvasive treatment, often supported by biofeedback, electrical stimulation, or magnetic stimulation. This study aimed to explore the biomechanical principles underlying PFMT, evaluate its clinical effectiveness in diverse populations, and highlight recent advances in mechanical modeling techniques. The findings provide a foundation for optimizing personalized PFMT interventions to improve treatment outcomes for patients with SUI.