A Safety Evaluation of N-Acetylglucosamine Produced by Bacillus subtilis BNZR 2-7: A Comprehensive In Vitro and In Vivo Genotoxicity Assessment

N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is an important functional monosaccharide that serves as a key component in macromolecules such as cell walls and chitin. It has a wide range of applications in medicine, health supplements, and the chemical industry, leading to a growing market demand. This study evaluated the potential genotoxicity of GlcNAc produced by <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> BNZR 2-7 through a comprehensive assessment in vitro and in vivo assays. GlcNAc was non-mutagenic in the Ames test using <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i>. Meanwhile, GlcNAc was non-genotoxic in the in vitro micronucleus assay using Chinese hamster ovary cells. In the in vivo assays, GlcNAc was non-genotoxic in the in vivo mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test and spermatocyte chromosome aberration test in mice. These studies provide additional evidence that GlcNAc produced by <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> BNZR 2-7 is not genotoxic at the doses tested, supporting its safety for use in foods.