Performance-Based Design of 3D Printable Cement Composite Using Locally Available Materials

Proportioning 3D printable materials using locally available resources offers significant environmental and economic benefits while supporting local communities. This study proposes a performance-based design approach to adapt these materials into printable mixtures, focusing on key fresh and hardened properties. Binder combinations made with locally available materials were initially optimized for enhanced packing density and flow characteristics. Optimized candidates were narrowed down using a radar chart method based on multivariate criteria closely linked to printing performance.The printability of the optimized cement composites was subsequently validated. Developing such print materials enhances the cost-effectiveness of 3D printing in construction and expands its applicability to remote regions.