A GIS-based fermatean fuzzy MCDM approach for identifying the optimal sites for solar power plant installation in Kermanshah Province

Transitioning to renewable energy sources is crucial for sustainable, cost-effective, and clean electricity generation in Iran. While Iran's location within the global solar belt makes it ideal for solar power plant (SPP) development, determining optimal locations is essential. This study identifies suitable areas for SPP establishment in Kermanshah Province using a GIS-based Fermatean Fuzzy MCDM approach. Fermatean Fuzzy Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (FFSWARA) was employed to model experts' opinions uncertainties and determine reliable criteria weights, identifying solar radiation as the most important criterion (weight: 0.12). Spatial criteria were aggregated using Root Assessment Method (RAM) and Compromise Ranking of Alternatives from Distance to Ideal Solution (CRADIS) to generate suitability maps, with RAM proving more reliable and stable through sensitivity analysis. The RAM-derived suitability map indicates that 10% of the study area is highly suitable for SPP construction. Developing SPPs across 153 square kilometers of these areas could meet the province's electricity demands and prevent 2.84 million metric tons of CO₂ emissions. These findings can aid decision-makers in planning and managing sustainable electricity production in Kermanshah Province.