Influence of sole and consortia application of micronutrients for biofortification of zinc, iron and boron for improving maize productivity

Maize crop is a vital source of nutrients, but its productivity and nutritional quality are threatened by climate change-induced stresses. Among different micronutrients, zinc (Zn) has prime importance due to its role in improving growth, enzyme activation, protein synthesis, and chlorophyll production. On the other hand, iron (Fe) is essential for electron transport, respiration, energy production, and metabolic functions. Furthermore, the role of boron (B) in cell wall formation, membrane integrity, pollen germination, seed and fruit development is also vital. Previous studies have largely focused on individual micronutrient management, overlooking their synergistic roles. However, synergistic contribution of zinc, iron, and boron toward maize biofortification and yield improvement still needs investigation. This study uniquely addresses this gap by evaluating sole and consortia applications of these micronutrients to enhance yield and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, and B) in maize. A total of eight treatments, i.e., control, Fe, Zn, B, Fe + Zn, Fe + B, Zn + B, and Fe + Zn + B, were applied in soil while bed preparation for sowing of maize (Azam variety) in three replications, following a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Results demonstrate that Fe + Zn + B caused an increase in maize plant height (33.12%), 1000-grain weight (37.05%), biological yield (21.23%), grain yield (47.35%) while decrease in POD (38.77%), SOD (48.37%), CAT (48.78%), and APx (50.00%) compared to the control. Furthermore, improvement in Fe, Zn, and B concentration in leaves and grains verified the efficacious functioning of Fe + Zn + B more than the control. In conclusion, Fe + Zn + B is suggested as an effective amendment for mitigating nutritional deficiency in maize.